After reaching the Temple of Time and being told to go to the Sealed Grounds, return to the sky.
Before the Sealed Grounds
Luv in the Bazaar will be selling a new potion that makes your stamina gauge last longer.
Go to the Sealed Grounds
From the sky, dive into the green column. After the cutscene, you can talk to Gorko. You can strum the harp in areas where there are many Blessed Butterflies together.
When you are ready, climb up the northwest vines and go into the building. Follow the Old One's instructions.
After another cutscene, go through the south door. Jump down into the pit, using the Sailcloth to float down safely.
The Imprisoned
Destroy all of The Imprisoned's toes. There are three on the front of each foot and one on the back of each foot. If it starts slowly raising an electrified foot, run to the other foot, because it will stomp with the electrified foot.
When it falls over, run to its head and slash the sword upward to pound the Sealing Spike into its head.
The Imprisoned will turn red and slither up the slope for a while. You can't hurt it at that point. Just use air vents to float up to the front of it again.
Eventually it will slow down and start walking again, although it gets faster each time you pound the spike into its head. Kill the toes, and slash the sword upward to pound the spike in.
After pounding the spike into its head twice, it will start creating a shockwave each time it stomps a foot. You can block the shockwave with Shield Bashes. The shockwave will stop when all the toes on that foot are destroyed, so you can try to focus on killing the toes on one foot before you deal with the other. Or you can try to carefully alternate between its feet. When all the toes are gone, pound the spike into its head again as before.
It will be sealed again. Go down to the bottom of the pit once more and hit the Sealing Spike with a Skyward Strike. Then slash your sword as shown in the triangle on the screen to finish sealing The Imprisoned away.
Learn What to do Next
During the cutscene that follows, you learn of your next objective. Someone in Skyloft has the information that you need. After the cutscene, Fi will tell you more.
Find a Gossip Stone
Go through the east door. There is a Bird Statue up ahead. When you approach Gorko, he mentions that you should play a beautiful song where you see butterflies. Strum your harp near the butterflies (press the Help button if you don't remember how) to make a Gossip Stone appear. It will give you a random treasure item. You can talk to it, and you can use items on it to see the different things that it does. Gorko also mentions something about Goddess Walls, but doesn't have more information.
Return to Skyloft
Return to the sky, and fly to Skyloft. Go into the second floor of the Knight Academy, go through the southwest double doors, and talk to Zelda's father, Headmaster Gaepora. Ask him to tell you just the lyrics of the Ballad of the Goddess:
Oh youth, guided by the servant of the goddess... unite earth and sky, and bring light to the land.
Oh youth, show the two whirling sails the way to the Light Tower... and before you a path shall open, and a heavenly song you shall hear.
Gaepora mentions that Light Tower is the one south of the Plaza. Look for the "two whirling sails".
You will find that there are two stone windmills on Skyloft. Go to the one northeast of the Graveyard and walk up to it. Jakamar will talk to you. He mentions the guy at the Scrap Shop.
Go to the Bazaar and talk to Gondo at the Scrap Shop. If you don't have an Ancient Flower, go to Lanayru Desert and activate crystals. Almost any crystal that you activate will have an Ancient Flower somewhere within the distortion field.
Then go back to the Bazaar and give Gondo an Ancient Flower. You will now be able to go down below the clouds and dowse for the propeller. However, there are many new things that you can do before you activate the Light Tower.